Urology is a medical specialty focused on the urinary system and the male reproductive system.

The Urinary System

The urinary system consists of:

• Kidneys: Filter waste products and excess water from the blood.   
• Ureters: Tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.  
• Bladder: Stores urine until it can be eliminated.  
• Urethra: Tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body.

The Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system includes:

• Testes: Produce sperm and hormones.  
• Epididymis: Stores sperm.  
• Vas deferens: Tubes that carry sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts.  
• Seminal vesicles: Produce fluid that nourishes sperm.  
• Prostate: Produces fluid that helps sperm move.  
• Penis: The male organ for sexual intercourse and urination.

Common Urological Conditions

Urologists treat a wide range of conditions, including:

• Kidney stones: Hard deposits that form in the kidneys.  
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Infections of the urinary system.  
• Prostate problems: Enlargement, infection, or cancer.  
• Bladder cancer: Cancer of the bladder.  
• Kidney disease: Damage to the kidneys.
• Erectile dysfunction: Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection.  
• Infertility: Difficulty conceiving a child.

When to See a Urologist

You should see a urologist if you experience:

• Painful or difficult urination  
• Blood in your urine  
• Frequent urination  
• Urinary incontinence
• Erectile dysfunction  
• Problems with ejaculation
• Scrotal pain or swelling
• Changes in your urine or bowel habits